Burns First Aid – What You Need to Know

Burns can happen unexpectedly, whether from a hot stove, boiling water, chemicals, or an electrical accident. They can cause severe pain, scarring, and infection if not treated correctly. Knowing how to assess a burn’s severity and applying the right first aid steps can help minimise damage, reduce pain, and promote quicker healing.

This guide will cover the different types of burns, their causes, how to administer first aid properly, common mistakes to avoid, and when medical attention is necessary.

What Are Burns?

A burn is an injury that damages the skin and underlying tissues due to exposure to heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. The severity of a burn depends on its depth, the duration of exposure, and the area affected. Some burns are minor and heal with basic care, while others require urgent medical attention and can be life-threatening.

When a burn occurs, the body responds with inflammation, leading to pain, redness, swelling, and, in more severe cases, blisters or charred skin. Quick and appropriate first aid can make a significant difference in recovery.

Types of Burns

Burns are classified into three categories based on how deep and severe the tissue damage is. Understanding these differences helps determine the right course of action.

First-Degree Burns (Mild)

• First-degree burns affect only the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis).
• The skin appears red, dry, and slightly swollen, but there are no blisters.
• Pain is present, but the injury typically heals within a few days to a week without scarring.

Common Causes:

• Sunburn from prolonged UV exposure
• Brief contact with hot surfaces, such as a pan or iron
• Mild scalding from hot liquids

Second-Degree Burns (Moderate)

• Second-degree burns damage both the outer layer (epidermis) and the underlying skin (dermis).
• Symptoms include redness, blisters, swelling, and severe pain.
• The skin may look moist and shiny, and the area is highly sensitive to touch.
• Healing can take several weeks, and scarring may occur if not treated properly.

Common Causes:

• Extended exposure to hot liquids or steam
• Flames or brief exposure to fire
• Chemical burns from strong acids or alkalis

Third-Degree Burns (Severe)

• These burns destroy all layers of the skin and may extend to muscles, nerves, and bones.
• The affected area may look white, leathery, charred, or blackened.
• Third-degree burns can be painless because nerve endings are destroyed.
• Immediate emergency medical care is required, as these burns can be life-threatening.

Common Causes:

• House fires and prolonged flame exposure
• High-voltage electrical burns
• Severe chemical burns from industrial substances

Causes of Burns

Burns can occur in many ways, each requiring specific precautions to prevent injury.

Heat Burns (Thermal Burns)

These burns happen when skin comes into contact with flames, hot surfaces, boiling liquids, or steam.

Examples:

• Touching a heated stove or oven
• Spilling boiling water, oil, or soup
• Exposure to fire or explosions

Chemical Burns

These result from exposure to strong acids, alkalis, or other corrosive substances.

Examples:

• Household cleaning products such as bleach or drain cleaners
• Accidental splashes from battery acid
• Industrial chemicals in factories and laboratories

Electrical Burns

These occur when an electric current passes through the body, potentially causing internal and external damage.

Examples:

• Direct contact with live electrical wires
• Lightning strikes
• Faulty electrical appliances

Radiation Burns

These are caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays or high-energy radiation.

Examples:

• Sunburn from excessive sun exposure
• Radiation therapy used in cancer treatments

First Aid Treatment for Burns

Applying first aid immediately after a burn injury can prevent further damage and improve healing.

Minor Burns (First-Degree & Small Second-Degree)

1. Cool the burn immediately by running it under cool water (ideally tepid) for at least 20 minutes. This reduces pain, swelling, and the risk of scarring.
2. Do not use ice, as it can damage the skin further.
3. Avoid applying butter, creams, or toothpaste, as these trap heat and may worsen the burn.
4. Cover the burn with a sterile, non-fluffy dressing or cling film to protect it from infection.
5. Keep the affected area elevated if possible to minimise swelling.

Severe Burns (Large Second-Degree & Third-Degree)

1. Call 999 immediately—severe burns require urgent medical care.
2. Do not remove clothing stuck to the burn, as this could cause further damage.
3. Gently cover the burn with a clean, non-adhesive dressing or plastic wrap.
4. Monitor for signs of shock, such as rapid breathing, dizziness, confusion, or pale skin.

Electrical Burns

1. Turn off the power source before touching the injured person to prevent electrocution.
2. Check for breathing and a pulse. If the person is unresponsive, begin CPR if trained.
3. Seek immediate medical attention, even if the burn appears minor, as internal damage may not be visible.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Many well-meaning actions can make a burn worse. Here’s what not to do:

• Do not burst blisters, as this increases the risk of infection.
• Do not apply ice directly to a burn, as extreme cold can cause further skin damage.
• Do not use adhesive bandages, as they may stick to the burn and cause more harm when removed.
• Do not apply butter, oils, or toothpaste, as these can trap heat and delay healing.

When to Seek Medical Help?

Some burns require professional medical care. Seek immediate help if:

• The burn covers more than three inches in diameter.
• It is a third-degree burn, regardless of size.
• The person shows signs of shock, such as pale skin, rapid breathing, or confusion.
• The burn affects sensitive areas, such as the face, hands, feet, genitals, or major joints.

Preventing Burns – Safety Tips

Taking precautions can help prevent burns at home, in the workplace, and outdoors.

• Use oven mitts when handling hot cookware.
• Keep children away from stoves, fireplaces, and hot liquids.
• Store chemicals in a locked cupboard, out of children’s reach.
• Install smoke alarms in your home and create a fire escape plan.
• Wear sunscreen and protective clothing to avoid sunburn.

FAQs About Burns First Aid

How long should I run cool water (ideally tepid) on a burn?
At least 20 minutes to cool the skin and reduce further damage.

Can I pop a burn blister?
No, as this can lead to infection and slow down the healing process.

What is the emergency number for severe burns?
In the UK, dial 999 for immediate assistance.

Final Thoughts

Burns can be painful and, in severe cases, life-threatening. However, knowing the correct first aid steps can make a huge difference in minimising damage and ensuring a smooth recovery. Whether dealing with a minor burn or a serious injury, cooling the affected area, covering it, and seeking medical help when necessary are essential.

Taking preventive measures at home and work can significantly reduce the risk of burns. Staying informed and prepared is crucial, as first aid knowledge can save lives. If you want to improve your skills further, consider taking a certified first aid course or downloading a first aid app for quick reference in emergencies.